Android

Getting Started with Android NDK

SDK: Software Development Kit

NDK: Native Development Kit
JNI: Java Native Interface

NDK allows programmers to include natively-compiled libraries written in C, C++, and (using third party tools) Objective-C within their Java applications.

The main advantage of the Android NDK is the ability to port legacy code to Android without having to rewrite it all in Java. Though natively compiled code tends to perform better than Java, using the NDK with the intent to improve performance is generally not recommended due to the added complexity and overhead involved in invoking native code. Moreover, the addition of the Just-in-Time compiler (JIT) in 2010 now available on Android verisons 2.2 and higher has greatly improved the performance of CPU-intensive operations in Java Android applications.

Though C generally performs better than C++, the latter has other advantages and tends to handle object-oriented operations (object creation, for example), far more efficiently than Java.

1. Introduction

Android apps are typically written in Java, with its elegant object-oriented design. However, at times, you need to overcome the limitations of Java, such as memory management and performance, by programming directly into Android native interface. Android provides Native Development Kit (NDK) to support native development in C/C++, besides the Android Software Development Kit (Android SDK) which supports Java.

NDK is a complex and advanced topics. I assume that your are familiar with:

Android, Java and C/C++.

Java Native Interface (JNI). Read "Java Native Interface".

(For Windows) Cygwin. Read "How to install Cygwin and MinGW".

2. Installing the Native Development Kit (NDK)

The NDK provides all the tools (compilers, libraries, and header files) to build apps that access the device natively. Native code (in C/C++) is necessary for high performance to overcome the limitations in Java's memory management and performance.

Read "Android NDK" @ http://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html.

To install Android NDK:

Setting up all the necessary tools for Android programming, such as JDK, Eclipse, Android SDK, Eclipse ADT (Read "How to install Android SDK and Get Started"); and (for Windows Users) Cygwin (Read "How to install Cygwin" and "GCC and Make").
Download the Android NDK from http://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html (e.g., android-ndk-r8-windows.zip).
Unzip the downloaded zip file into a directory of your choice (e.g., d:\myproject). The NDK will be unzipped as d:\myproject\android-ndk-r8. I shall denote the installed directory as <NDK_HOME>.
Include the NDK installed directory in the PATH environment variable.

How to install NDK:

On Linux and Mac OS X (Darwin):
On Windows:

Download the appropriate package from this page.
Navigate to the folder to which you downloaded the package.
Double-click the downloaded file. The folder containing the NDK extracts itself.

When uncompressed, the NDK files are contained in a directory called android-ndk-<version>. You can rename the NDK directory if necessary and you can move it to any location on your computer. This documentation refers to the NDK directory as <ndk>.

You are now ready to start working with the NDK.

3. Writing a Hello-world Android NDK Program

Step 0: Read the Documentation

Read "Android NDK" @ http://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html.

Read the NDK documentation "documentation.html" @ Android NDK's installed directory. The NDK documentation is kept in the "`docs`" sub-directory.

The steps in building an Android NDK app are:

Create a sub-directory called "`jni`" and place all the native sources here.

Create a "`Android.mk`" to describe your native sources to the NDK build system.

Build your native code by running the "`ndk-build`" (in NDK installed directory) script from your project's directory. The build tools copy the stripped, shared libraries needed by your application to the proper location in the application's project directory.

Finally, compile and run your application using the SDK tools in the usual way. The SDK build tools will package the shared libraries in the application's deployable "`.apk`" file.

Study the sample programs provided in "`samples`" directory, in particular the "`hello-jni`".

Step 1: Write an Android JNI program

In this example, we shall create an activity, that calls a native method to obtain a string and displays the string on a TextView.

Create an Android project called "AndroidHelloJNI", with application name "Hello JNI" and package "com.mytest". Create an activity called "JNIActivity" with Layout name "activity_jni" and Title "Hello JNI".

Replaced the "JNIActivity.java" as follows:

package com.mytest;
 
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.widget.TextView;
 
public class JNIActivity extends Activity {
 
   static {
      System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // "myjni.dll" in Windows, "libmyjni.so" in Unixes
   }
 
   // A native method that returns a Java String to be displayed on the
   // TextView
   public native String getMessage();
 
   @Override
   public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
      // Create a TextView.
      TextView textView = new TextView(this);
      // Retrieve the text from native method getMessage()
      textView.setText(getMessage());
      setContentView(textView);
   }
}

This JNI program uses a static initializer to load a shared library ("myjni.dll" in Windows or "libmyjni.so" in Unixes). It declares a native method called getMessage(), which returns aString to be as the TextView's message. The onCreate() method declares a TextView, and invokes the native method getMessage() to set its text.

Step 2: Generating C/C++ Header File using "javah" Utility

Create a folder "jni" under the project's root (right-click on the project ⇒ New ⇒ Folder). Create a sub-folder "include" under "jni" for storing the header files.

Run "javah" utility (from a CMD shell) to create C/C++ header called "HelloJNI.h":

// Change directory to <project-root>/jni/include
> javah -classpath ../../bin/classes;<ANDROID_SDK_HOME>\platforms\android-<xx>\android.jar 
  -o HelloJNI.h com.mytest.JNIActivity

// For Ubuntu

// Change directory to <project-root>/jni/include
> javah -classpath ../../bin/classes:<ANDROID_SDK_HOME>\platforms\android-<xx>\android.jar:.: -o HelloJNI.h com.mytest.JNIActivity

-classpath: in our case, we need the JNIActivity.class which is kept in "<project-root>\bin\classes"; and its superclass Android.app.Activity.class which is kept inandroid.jar under the Android SDK.
-o: to set the output filename.
You need to use the fully-qualified name "com.mytest.JNIActivity".

The header file contains a function prototype:

JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL Java_com_mytest_JNIActivity_getMessage(JNIEnv *, jobject);

The native method getMessage() maps to the above header in the native code, in the form of Java_<fully-qualified-name>_methodName, with dots replaced by underscores.

Step 2: C Implementation - HelloJNI.c

Create the following C program called "HelloJNI.c" under the "jni" directory (right-click on the "jni" folder ⇒ New ⇒ File):

#include <jni.h>
#include "include/HelloJNI.h"
 
JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL Java_com_mytest_JNIActivity_getMessage
          (JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj) {
   return (*env)->NewStringUTF(env, "Hello from native code!");
}

The native program gets and returns a JNI jstring via JNI environment interface function NewStringUTF() with an input C-string "Hello from native code!". Read "Java Native Interface (JNI)" for details.

Step 3: Create an Android makefile - Android.mk

Create an Android makefile called "Android.mk" under the "jni" directory (right-click on "jni" folder ⇒ New ⇒ File), as follows:

LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)

include $(CLEAR_VARS)

LOCAL_MODULE    := myjni
LOCAL_SRC_FILES := HelloJNI.c

include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)

In the above makefile, "myjni" is the name of our shared library (used in System.loadLibrary()), and "HelloJNI.c" is the source file.

Step 4: Build NDK

Start a CMD shell, change directory to the project's root directory, and run "ndk-build" script provided by Android NDK (the Android NDK installed directory shall be in the PATH).

// Change directory to <project-root>
> ndk-build
Compile thumb : myjni <= HelloJNI.c
SharedLibrary  : libmyjni.so
Install        : libmyjni.so => libs/armeabi/libmyjni.so

NOTES:

Use "ndk-build --help" to display the command-line options.
Use "ndk-build V=1" to display the build messages.
Use "ndk-build -B" to perform a force re-built.

Step 5: Run the Android App

Run the android app, via "Run As" ⇒ "Android Application". You shall see the message from the native program appears on the screen.

Check the "LogCat" panel to confirm that the shared library "libmyjni.so" is loaded.

...: Trying to load lib /data/data/com.example.androidhellojni/lib/libmyjni.so ...
...: Added shared lib /data/data/com.example.androidhellojni/lib/libmyjni.so ...

Download working source code.

Reference links:

https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/android/Android_NDK.html

http://taylorpeer.com/hello-world-cpp-android-ndk/

Wednesday, May 20, 2015